bile formation

bile characteristics

composition

  • water - 95%

  • bile salts

  • bilirubin

  • fatty acids

  • assorted electrolytes

  • hypertonic → active Na transport of sodium through the gallbladder epithelium + secondary absorption of chloride ions, water, and most other diffusible constituents

  • initially alkaline - becomes more acidic in gallbladder

  • secondary bile acids produced by Intestinal flora

    • lithocholic acid
    • deoxycholic acid
    • ursodeoxycholic acid - used therapeutically to ↑ flow of bile

function

  • IgA, IgG, opsonin-like molecules...
  • Excretory role - lipophilic substances

regulation

Stimulants to formation

stimulants to release

  • Cholecystokinin
  • Vagal stimulation

Enterohepatic circulation

95% of bile produced circulates to small intestine then back to liver - see Bilirubin metabolism
via active transport and diffusion

#HPB

Bile duct system

Guyton
https://derangedphysiology.com/main/cicm-primary-exam/liver-physiology/Chapter-221/physiology-bile-and-and-its-metabolism you're not going to believe it... it's in CICM
https://derangedphysiology.com/main/cicm-primary-exam/liver-physiology/Chapter-115/immunological-functions-liver#:~:text=immune%20function%20of%20bile