Murmurs
| Aortic stenosis | Aortic regurgitation | Mitral stenosis | Mitral regurgitation | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Heart sounds | ↓ S2/↓ splitting of S2, S4 | - | ↑ S1, opening snap | wide splitting of ~A2P2 |
| Murmur | ejection systolic; radiation → carotids, loudest in expiration | early diastolic; loudest in expiration | mid/late diastolic; loudest in expiration | pan-systolic; radiation → axilla; loudest in expiration |
| Apex beat | not displaced | displaced, thrusting | tapping | displaced, thrusting |
| Pulse | slow rising pulse, narrow pulse pressure | collapsing pulse, wide pulse pressure | - | - |
innocent murmur
https://www.clinicalguidelines.scot.nhs.uk/ggc-paediatric-guidelines/ggc-paediatric-guidelines/emergency-medicine/incidental-murmur-guideline-paediatrics-399/
https://dontforgetthebubbles.com/examination-cardiovascular/ - paediatric murmur
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507849/
https://www.criticalcare.theclinics.com/article/S0749-0704(23)00036-2/abstract