cytokines
Key role in causing Changes in inflammation
Stimulates regeneration e.g. in liver cells and proliferation
Can act as hormones e.g. interleukins, leptin, RANK ligand
stimulus
- Released by NK cells, macrophages or leukocytes after ingesting bacterial products
- Endotoxins - protein A, lipotechoic acid (similar to LPS)
cell level effects
- activation of T cells
- recruitment of other immune cells?
gross physiological effects
- Anorexia and cachexia
- ?via melanocortin system in hypothalamus
- Fever - IL-1
- Granulomatous inflammation - TNF-a
- via activation of T cells → macrophage activation (the macrophages make up the granulomas)
- "There is no known functional difference between these two types of giant cells, yet some pathologists persist in describing them—perhaps because they make nice exam questions!" never change...
- via activation of T cells → macrophage activation (the macrophages make up the granulomas)
Basically a lot of what you recognise as THE SEPSISSSSSS, Acute respiratory distress syndrome, etc. etc. badness.
regulation
- Cleared by sinusoidal epithelial cells in the liver
Targeted by BCR-ABL kinase inhibitors