| 1 |
trauma, RTI, meningitis, frontal lobe tumour |
∆ smell, anosmia |
| 2 |
Demyelination - Multiple sclerosis; secondary syphilis, ethambutol, neuromyelitis optica |
Acuity, colour vision, pupillary reflexes (RAPD) |
| 3 ❡ |
DM, hypertension, giant cell arteritis; compression from posterior communicating artery aneurysm, ↑ ICP |
pupil “down and out” ± absent pupillary reflexes |
| 4 |
trauma to orbit. Rare. cavernous sinus thrombosis |
pupil "down and inwards" ⇒ vertical diplopia |
| 5 |
MS, Wernicke's, pontine stroke |
pontine stroke: small fixed pupils ± quadriparesis. loss of facial sensation |
| 6 |
Trigeminal neuralgia, herpes zoster, nasopharyngeal cancer, acoustic neuroma** |
failure of abduction “horizontal conjugate gaze palsy” |
| 7 |
Bell's palsy (LMN), Ramsay Hunt syndrome, Lyme. UMN: stroke, tumour |
unilat sagging of mouth, drooling, speech difficulty. Forehead sparing = UMN lesion |
| 8 |
Noise damage, Paget's, Méniere's, acoustic neuroma, drugs |
|
| 9 |
neck/basal skull trauma, brainstem lesions, neck tumours, jugular foramen lesion |
palatal asymmetry, impaired swallow (NB: Gag reflex: afferent = IX; efferent = X), taste |
| 10 |
palatal deviation away from lesion |
|
| 11 |
trapezius, SCM weakness |
|
| 12 |
syringomelia, polio, stroke, bulbar palsy, TB |
tongue deviation towards LMN lesion; wasting, fasciculations |