	Headline
Etiology
Epidemiology
Clinical presentation	See classification
Pathogenesis	Ice crystal formation → cell lysis, microvascular occlusion
Diagnostic investigations
Management	Triage/prehospital: Treat hypothermia, trauma assessment. Remove constricting clothing/etc. Thaw/refreeze cycles can cause further damage In ED: - Active rewarming - warm water >> end point: area turns red/purple and pliable to touch - Analgesia++, e.g. NSAIDs encouraged (!) - Drain clear blisters - D/w burns

classification

First degree = numbness, erythema, oedema, no blistering
second degree = erythema, oedema, pale superficial blisters
third degree = haemorrhagic vesicles from death of subcut tissue, initially numb → burning pain
fourth degree = tissue necrosis, gangrene, full-thickness tissue loss

key history