chronic heart failure

Impaired diastolic or systolic function (by definition!)
Etiology Secondary to hypertension, ischaemic heart disease, valvular disease, myocarditis.
Less common: congenital heart disease, Rheumatoid arthritis, toxin-induced e.g. alcohol, cocaine.
Epidemiology
Clinical presentation Acute: pulmonary oedema; cardiogenic shock,
chronic: decompensation (see acute); exertional SOB
Pathogenesis
Diagnostic investigations nt-pro BNP
Echo
Management - meds r/v; modifiable risk factors; screen for depression
- loop diuretic if fluid overload present
- ACE inhibitors, beta blockers
- if still symptomatic, offer mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist
- under specialist advice:
- if EF <35%, replace ACE-i with sacubitril-valsartan
- An SGLT-2 inhibitor (empagliflozin or dapagliflozin).
- Ivabradine for people in sinus rhythm with a heart rate over 75 beats per minute (bpm) and ejection fraction less than 35%.
- Hydralazine and nitrate (especially if of African-Caribbean descent).
Annual flu vax + pneumococcal

end stage heart failure

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