Aortic regurgitation
Murmur: early diastolic; mid-diastolic Austin-Flint murmur in severe AR
Heart sounds: decrescendo diastolic murmur, systolic ejection murmur (high ejection volume), absent second heart sound
Apex beat: thrusting
Pulse: wide pulse pressure, collapsing pulse (water hammer pulse)
etiology
valve disease → damage to AV cusps
- rheumatic fever
- Infective endocarditis
- bicuspid aortic valve
aortic root disease → dilatation of AV ring
- aortic dissection (see Acute aortic syndromes)
- connective tissue disorders
- syphilis